Archaeology Term: Benchmark
A benchmark, a fixed point of known elevation, serves as a reference point for measuring vertical distances during archaeological excavations.
By establishing benchmarks, archaeologists can accurately record the depth and elevation of features and artifacts, providing essential data for understanding the site's stratigraphy and chronology.
The process of establishing a benchmark typically involves using a surveying instrument, such as a theodolite or a level, to measure the elevation of a fixed point, such as a natural rock outcrop or a concrete marker. This reference point is then used to calculate the elevation of other points within the excavation area.
Benchmarks are essential for creating detailed topographic maps of archaeological sites. These maps provide a visual representation of the site's topography, including the location of features, the slope of the land, and the elevation of different areas.
By analyzing these maps, archaeologists can identify potential areas for excavation and understand the site's relationship to the surrounding landscape.
In addition to their use in topographic mapping, benchmarks are also important for recording the depth of excavation units. By measuring the elevation of the top and bottom of each unit, archaeologists can calculate the depth of the deposit and estimate the amount of time it took to accumulate.
By carefully establishing and maintaining benchmarks, archaeologists can ensure the accuracy and precision of their measurements, leading to a better understanding of the past.
