Finance Dictionary

The 75/25 ratio in finance generally refers to an asset allocation strategy where 75% of an investme...

In finance, abatement generally refers to a reduction or decrease in the amount of taxes, charges, p...

An academic employee in finance typically refers to individuals employed by academic institutions, s...

An account code is a numerical or alphanumeric code used to categorize and track financial transacti...

Accounting, in the realm of finance, is the systematic process of recording, classifying, summarizin...

An accounting period is a specific timeframe for which a company reports its financial performance a...

Accounting procedures are the standardized methods a company uses to record and report its financial...

An accounting system is the backbone of any financially sound organization, encompassing the methods...

Accounts Payable (AP) is a crucial component of a company's financial accounting, representing the s...

Accounts Receivable (AR) represents the money owed to a company by its customers for goods or servic...

Accrual basis accounting is a method of recording revenues and expenses when they are earned or incu...

In finance, 'Activity' refers to the volume or level of trading, transactions, or operations occurri...

Actuarial basis refers to the methods, assumptions, and calculations used by actuaries to assess fin...

An actuarial report is a comprehensive document prepared by actuaries that assesses the financial ri...

Ad valorem tax, in finance, is a tax based on the assessed value of an item, such as real estate or...

In finance, an Administrator typically refers to a professional responsible for the operational and...

An adoption budget represents the planned expenditures allocated by an organization to facilitate th...

In finance, an Agency Fund refers to a fund held and managed by a financial institution or governmen...

In finance, allocation refers to the process of distributing capital or resources among different in...

Amortization refers to the process of gradually writing off the initial cost of an asset or paying o...

In finance, an annuity refers to a series of payments made at regular intervals over a specified per...

In finance, apportionment refers to the allocation of a total sum, such as costs, profits, or assets...

Apportionment-Advance refers to the allocation of funds or resources in advance of their actual need...

Apportionment – First Principal in finance refers to the method of allocating a total cost or benefi...

Apportionment – Second Principal refers to the allocation of investment capital across different ass...

In finance, an apportionment notice is a formal communication detailing how a specific financial ins...

In finance, an appraisal is a formal, impartial assessment of the value of an asset, such as real es...

In finance, appropriation refers to the act of setting aside funds for a specific purpose or project...

Appropriation for Contingencies refers to funds set aside within a budget to cover unforeseen or une...

An appropriation ledger is a specialized accounting record used by governmental or non-profit entiti...

Arbitrage in finance is the simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset in different markets to profi...

Assessed valuation is the value a public tax assessor places on real property for taxation purposes,...

Assessed value in finance refers to the monetary worth assigned to an asset, typically real estate,...

In finance, assessment refers to the process of evaluating the value, risk, or performance of an ass...

Assessment districts are specific geographic areas where property owners agree to pay special taxes...

An assessment roll is a public document listing all taxable properties within a jurisdiction, along...

In finance, an asset is a resource controlled by an entity as a result of past events and from which...

Asset management in finance refers to the professional management of investment portfolios, encompas...

In finance, an Assisted Listing Number refers to a unique identifier assigned to a security or finan...

In finance, an Associated Students Fund refers to a pool of money collected from student fees at edu...

Attendance accounting in finance refers to the process of tracking and managing employee work hours...

In finance, an audit is a systematic examination and verification of a company's financial records,...

An audit report is a formal document expressing an auditor's opinion on whether a company's financia...

An auditor's opinion is a formal statement issued by an independent auditor after examining a compan...

In finance, Automated Clearing House (ACH) refers to an electronic network used for financial transa...

In finance, an auxiliary enterprise is a self-supporting entity within a larger organization, typica...

In finance, auxiliary operations refer to supporting activities that are not directly involved in th...

Available cash represents the liquid funds a company possesses that are readily accessible for immed...

In finance, Average Daily Attendance (ADA) is a key metric, particularly in education finance, repre...

A balance sheet is a financial statement that reports a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at...

A balanced budget occurs when total revenues equal total expenditures over a specific period, indica...

In finance, the base year serves as a reference point for comparing financial data across different...

In finance, Basic Aid Districts are specific geographic areas, often school districts, that receive...

The basis of accounting refers to the method used to recognize revenues and expenses in financial st...

In finance, a block grant refers to a lump sum of money provided by a larger entity, like the federa...

A Bond Anticipation Note (BAN) is a short-term debt instrument issued by a municipality or other ent...

A bond discount occurs when a bond's market price is lower than its face value, typically because it...

Bond interest represents the periodic payments a bond issuer makes to the bondholder as compensation...

A bond premium occurs when a bond's market price is higher than its face value, indicating investors...

The bonded debt limit represents the maximum amount of money a government or entity can borrow throu...

In finance, bonds represent a debt instrument where an investor loans money to an entity (corporate...

Bonds Authorized" refers to the total amount of debt a company or government entity is legally permi...

Bonds unissued represent the portion of a bond authorization that a company or government has not ye...

Book value represents a company's net asset value, calculated as total assets minus total liabilitie...

Books of original entry are the initial records where financial transactions are first documented, p...

In finance, a Bookstore Fund refers to a hypothetical investment portfolio designed to mimic the lon...

In finance, a budget is a detailed financial plan, typically for a specific period, that estimates f...

In finance, a Budget Act is legislation that approves the government's proposed budget, authorizing...

Budget Change Proposals (BCPs) are formal requests to modify an existing budget, typically seeking a...

A budget document is a comprehensive report outlining an organization's planned revenues and expendi...

Budgetary control is the process of comparing actual financial performance against planned budgets t...

Budgeting in finance is the process of creating a detailed plan, typically for a specific period, th...

In finance, a Cafeteria Fund refers to an employee benefit plan under Section 125 of the IRS code, a...

Capital assets are significant, long-term resources a company owns and uses to generate income, such...

Capital outlay refers to funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets l...

In finance, 'cash' refers to readily available liquid assets, encompassing physical currency, checki...

A cash advance is a short-term loan, often associated with credit cards or payday lenders, that prov...

Cash basis accounting recognizes revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid, regar...

A cash discount is a reduction in the price of goods or services offered by a seller to a buyer in e...

Cash in Bank" represents the readily available money a company holds in its checking and savings acc...

Cash in County Treasury represents the total amount of readily available funds held by a county gove...

Cash with Fiscal Agent represents funds held by a designated third party, the fiscal agent, on behal...

Categorical funds are investment vehicles, like mutual funds or ETFs, that focus on a specific secto...

CCFS in finance typically refers to Credit Card Funding Services, which are companies or platforms t...

In finance, CDE typically stands for Collateralized Debt Obligation, a complex structured finance pr...

In finance, "Census and Census Week" often refers to a period when financial institutions collect co...

In finance, a Certificate of Participation (COP) is a type of municipal security where investors pur...

In finance, a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is a licensed professional who has met rigorous educ...

A Chart of Accounts is a comprehensive list of all financial accounts used by an organization to cat...

In finance, a check is a written, dated, and signed instrument that directs a bank to pay a specific...

In finance, a Child Development Fund typically refers to a savings or investment account specificall...

In finance, classification involves categorizing financial instruments, transactions, or entities in...

Classification by Activity in finance categorizes companies based on their primary business operatio...

In finance, a classified employee typically refers to a staff member holding a non-exempt position,...

Clearing accounts are temporary holding accounts used to accumulate transactions before they are all...

In finance, "code" refers to programming code used to develop and implement financial models, algori...

In finance, coding refers to the use of programming languages to develop software and algorithms tha...

In finance, a cognizant agency is the federal agency responsible for overseeing and monitoring the f...

Commingling in finance refers to the practice of mixing funds or assets belonging to different parti...

In finance, "Community Services" refers to financial products, programs, and initiatives designed to...

Compensated absences refer to employee absences, such as vacation, sick leave, and holidays, for whi...

Construction in Progress (CIP) represents the costs incurred for assets under construction that are...

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in finance is a crucial economic indicator that measures the average...

A Contingencies Fund is a reserved pool of money set aside to cover unforeseen expenses or emergenci...

Contingent liabilities are potential obligations that may arise depending on the outcome of a future...

Contracted services in finance refer to specialized tasks or functions performed by external individ...

Contributed capital represents the total amount of money that shareholders have invested directly in...

A controlling account is a general ledger account that summarizes the balances of a group of related...

Conversion entries are journal entries made when a company changes its accounting system or adopts a...

In finance, cost refers to the value of resources sacrificed or forgone to achieve a specific econom...

Cost accounting is a branch of accounting focused on identifying, measuring, analyzing, interpreting...

Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) represents the direct costs attributable to the production and sale of goo...

Cost of Living Adjustments (COLAs) in finance refer to adjustments made to income, salaries, or bene...

In finance, credit refers to an agreement where a borrower receives something of value (money, goods...

Current assets are short-term resources a company owns that are expected to be converted into cash,...

Current Expense of Education refers to the recurring costs associated with the day-to-day operation...

Current liabilities are a company's short-term financial obligations, typically due within one year...

A 'current loan' in finance refers to the outstanding balance or principal amount of a loan that is...

Current taxes represent the amount of taxes a company or individual owes and is expected to pay with...

Data processing in finance refers to the systematic collection, manipulation, and analysis of financ...

Debarment in finance refers to the exclusion of an individual or entity from participating in certai...

In finance, a debit represents an accounting entry that increases asset or expense accounts, and dec...

The debt limit, also known as the debt ceiling, is the total amount of money that the United States...

The debt limit, also known as the debt ceiling, is the total amount of money that the United States...

Debt service refers to the cash required to cover the repayment of interest and principal on a debt...

Debt service refers to the cash required to cover the repayment of interest and principal on a debt...

Deferrals in finance represent the postponement of recognizing revenue or expenses to a future accou...

Deferrals in finance represent the postponement of recognizing revenue or expenses to a future accou...

Deferred charges represent costs a company has already paid for but will benefit from in future peri...

Deferred charges represent costs a company has already paid for but will benefit from in future peri...

In finance, a deficit occurs when expenses exceed revenues, indicating a shortfall in funds. This im...

In finance, the deficit factor represents the percentage reduction applied to the promised benefits...

Delinquent taxes refer to unpaid taxes that are past their due date, resulting in penalties and inte...

Depreciation, in finance, refers to the allocation of the cost of a tangible asset over its useful l...

Designated income refers to income specifically earmarked or allocated for a particular purpose or p...

Direct activity charges represent costs directly attributable to a specific project, product, or ser...

Direct expenses, also known as direct costs, are expenditures directly tied to the production of a s...

Disbursements in finance refer to the actual outflow of cash from a business or organization to pay...

Double-entry bookkeeping is a fundamental accounting method where every financial transaction is rec...

Drawdown in finance refers to the peak-to-trough decline during a specific period for an investment,...

'Due From Other Fund' represents amounts owed to one fund by another fund within the same organizati...

Due To Other Fund" represents an accounting classification used primarily within governmental and no...

Education Code in finance refers to the specific set of laws and regulations governing the financial...

Educational administrators in finance are professionals who manage the financial resources and opera...

An Educational Master Plan (EMP) in finance outlines a comprehensive financial strategy to support a...

The effective interest rate, also known as the annual equivalent rate (AER), represents the true ann...

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) in finance refers to the automated manipulation of financial data u...

Eminent domain in finance refers to the power of a government to take private property for public us...

Employee benefits, in finance, refer to non-wage compensation offered to employees by employers, imp...

Encumbered funds represent a portion of an organization's budget that has been committed for a speci...

Encumbrances in finance refer to claims or liabilities that may diminish the value or restrict the u...

The ending balance represents the amount of money or assets remaining in an account or financial sta...

Enterprise funds are a type of proprietary fund used by state and local governments to account for a...

In finance, "entitlement" refers to a government program or law that guarantees specific benefits to...

In finance, an 'Entry' refers to the recording of a financial transaction in an accounting system. I...

EOPS, in the context of Finance, refers to Employee Ownership Plans. These are qualified retirement...

In finance, equipment refers to tangible, long-term assets a company uses in its operations to gener...

Estimated income in finance refers to a projection or forecast of the revenue or earnings a business...

Estimated revenue is a projection of the total amount of income a company expects to generate from i...

An expendable trust fund is a type of trust where the trustee is permitted to spend both the income...

Expenditures, in finance, represent the outflow of cash or other assets from an entity (like a busin...

Expense of education in finance refers to the costs incurred while pursuing formal or informal learn...

Expenses represent the costs a business incurs to generate revenue. They are essential for operating...

In finance, face value, also known as par value or nominal value, represents the stated value of a s...

A Faculty Obligation Number (FON) is a unique identifier assigned to faculty members at an education...

A Farm Operation Fund, in finance, refers to a dedicated pool of capital used to finance the day-to-...

FCMAT, or Financial Crisis Management Assistance Team, refers to a specialized group within the fina...

In finance, a fee represents a payment made for a specific service or product, distinct from the pri...

A fidelity bond is a type of insurance that protects a business from financial losses caused by dish...

Fiduciary Funds Group refers to funds held by a governmental entity in a trustee or agency capacity...

The "Fifty-Percent Law" in finance is a general rule of thumb suggesting that a stock's price moveme...

A financial and compliance audit is a comprehensive assessment of an organization's financial statem...

Financial resources encompass all available funds, assets, and capital that a business, individual,...

A fiscal year is a 12-month period that a company or government uses for accounting and financial re...

Fiscally independent entities, in finance, are organizations or individuals that can manage their fi...

Fixed assets are tangible items a company owns and uses to generate income over the long term, typic...

Fixed costs are business expenses that do not change in proportion to the level of production or sal...

In finance, fixtures are physical assets permanently attached to real property, like buildings or la...

In finance, a foundation typically refers to a philanthropic organization established to support cha...

Full accrual basis accounting recognizes revenue when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless...

Functional accounting, in finance, is a method of classifying and reporting costs based on the funct...

In finance, a fund is a pool of money dedicated to a specific purpose, such as investment or charita...

Fund balance represents the difference between a governmental fund's assets and its liabilities. It...

A fund group, also known as a fund family, refers to a collection of mutual funds or other investmen...

GAAP, or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, represents a common set of accounting rules, stan...

GAAS, in finance, stands for Generally Accepted Auditing Standards. These standards are a set of gui...

A Gann Limit, derived from W.D. Gann's theories, represents a price level calculated using geometric...

The Gann Limitation, within finance and technical analysis, refers to the inherent constraints and s...

GASB stands for the Governmental Accounting Standards Board. It is the independent organization in t...

The General Fund is the primary operating fund of a government or organization, used to account for...

A general ledger is the central repository of all financial accounts for a business, providing a com...

General obligation bonds (GO bonds) are municipal bonds backed by the full faith and credit of the i...

A General Reserve is an appropriation of a company's retained earnings that is not designated for an...

In finance, a gift refers to the voluntary transfer of assets, such as cash, stocks, or property, fr...

Governmental accounting is a specialized branch of accounting that focuses on the financial reportin...

Governmental funds are used by state and local governments to account for resources that are restric...

Governmental-type activities are core functions that define a government's purpose and are often sup...

The Governor's Budget is a comprehensive financial plan proposed by the state governor, outlining th...

In finance, grants represent non-repayable funds or resources awarded to individuals, businesses, or...

Gross profit represents the revenue a company retains after deducting the direct costs associated wi...

Gross sales represent the total revenue a company generates from its sales of goods or services duri...

Headcount in finance refers to the total number of employees a company has on its payroll at a given...

An imprest account is a type of fund or account maintained at a fixed amount, used for small, routin...

In-kind contributions represent non-monetary donations of goods, services, or time that are given to...

In finance, income represents the flow of money or its equivalent received by an individual, busines...

Indirect expenses, also known as overhead costs, are expenses that cannot be directly traced to a sp...

In finance, an instructional aide is a resource or tool designed to assist individuals in learning a...

In finance, an Instructional Service Agreement (ISA) is a contract where an individual receives educ...

In finance, interest refers to the cost of borrowing money or the return earned on an investment. It...

Interfund accounts are accounting mechanisms used within organizations, particularly governmental en...

Interfund transfers represent the movement of financial resources between different funds within a s...

Internal Audit in finance is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to...

An internal control structure in finance refers to the policies and procedures implemented by a comp...

Internal service funds are used by governmental entities to account for activities that provide good...

Intrabudget transfers involve reallocating funds within an existing budget, moving money from one bu...

An intrafund transfer refers to the movement of funds between different accounts or sub-accounts wit...

In finance, inventory refers to the raw materials, work-in-progress goods, and finished goods that a...

Investments in finance refer to the allocation of capital, usually money, with the expectation of ge...

An invoice is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, detailing the products or service...

In finance, a journal is a chronological record of all business transactions. It serves as the initi...

A journal voucher is an internal accounting document used to record and authorize transactions that...

In finance, judgments refer to legally binding decisions made by a court of law that require a debto...

Lease revenue bonds are a type of municipal bond where the debt service is paid from lease payments...

In finance, a ledger is a principal book or electronic file used to record and summarize all financi...

In finance, a levy refers to a mandatory charge, tax, or fee imposed by a government or organization...

Liabilities in finance represent a company's obligations to transfer assets or provide services to o...

In finance, a Local Educational Agency (LEA) refers to a public board of education or other legally...

Long-term debt represents a company's financial obligations that are not due within one year or with...

Lottery funds, in finance, refer to revenues generated from state-run or national lotteries that are...

Mandated costs in finance refer to expenses that a business or organization is legally required to i...

Marginal cost in finance refers to the incremental expense incurred when a company produces one addi...

Matching funds are a type of funding mechanism where a grant or contribution is awarded conditional...

The "May Revise" in finance, particularly within California's state budget process, refers to the Go...

Measurement focus in finance refers to the specific resources and obligations that a business report...

Modified accrual basis accounting is a hybrid accounting method primarily used by governmental entit...

A Multiyear Financial Plan (MYFP) is a comprehensive roadmap that outlines an organization's financi...

Net assets represent the residual value of a company's assets after deducting all its liabilities; i...

Net profit, also known as net income or the bottom line, represents the actual profit a company make...

In finance, "noncredit" generally refers to activities, services, or products that do not involve th...

A nonexpendable trust fund is a fund where the principal (original investment) must remain intact in...

Nonresident tuition, in the context of finance, refers to the higher tuition fees charged by public...

Nonrevenue receipts are inflows of cash received by a government or organization that are not consid...

In finance, "object code" typically refers to a specific category or classification code used to cat...

In finance, obligations represent a company's legal or contractual responsibilities to transfer asse...

OMB in finance often refers to the Office of Management and Budget, a US government entity. It plays...

OMB Circular A-21, Cost Principles for Educational Institutions, established the principles for dete...

OPEB stands for Other Post-Employment Benefits, referring to benefits other than pensions that emplo...

An operating budget is a detailed plan outlining a company's expected revenues and expenses for a sp...

Operating expenses are the costs a company incurs to keep its business running on a daily basis, exc...

Operating income, also known as earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), represents a company's pr...

Opportunity cost in finance represents the potential benefits an investor misses out on when choosin...

Outsourcing in finance involves contracting specific financial tasks or processes to external third-...

An overdraft is a financial mechanism that allows account holders to withdraw more money than they h...

In finance, P1 and P2 often refer to the first and second private equity funds raised by a firm. The...

Par value, also known as face value or nominal value, is the stated value of a stock or bond at the...

A payroll register is a comprehensive report that summarizes all payroll-related activities for a sp...

A payroll warrant is essentially a check or order issued by a government entity (state, county, or m...

Periodic inventory is an inventory valuation method where inventory balances are updated only at spe...

Perpetual inventory is a method of tracking inventory levels in real-time, continuously updating rec...

PERS, in finance, commonly refers to Public Employees Retirement System. These are pension plans est...

Petty cash is a small amount of discretionary funds kept on hand by a business for expenditures too...

In finance, posting refers to the act of recording financial transactions in the appropriate account...

Prepaid expenses represent payments made for goods or services that a company will use or receive in...

Prior years' taxes refer to taxes owed from previous tax periods that have not yet been paid. These...

In finance, a 'program' typically refers to a structured set of actions, initiatives, or investments...

Program accounting is a specialized area of accounting that focuses on tracking and reporting the fi...

Program costs in finance refer to the total expenses incurred to develop, implement, and maintain a...

Property tax rate is the percentage of a property's assessed value that homeowners or businesses mus...

Proposition 13, formally known as the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation, is a Californi...

Proposition 39, in the context of finance, primarily refers to a California ballot initiative that c...

Proposition 98, passed in California in 1988, is a constitutional amendment that guarantees a minimu...

Proprietary funds are used in governmental accounting to account for a government's business-type ac...

Proration in finance refers to the allocation or distribution of a sum of money or obligation propor...

Protested taxes refer to taxes that a taxpayer formally objects to paying, typically due to disagree...

In finance, a Purchase Order (PO) is a legally binding commercial document issued by a buyer to a se...

In finance, real property refers to land and anything permanently affixed to it, including buildings...

Reasonable assurance in finance signifies a high, but not absolute, level of confidence that financi...

In finance, a rebate is a retrospective discount or refund offered after a transaction has been comp...

Reclassification in finance refers to the movement of an item from one accounting category to anothe...

A redemption fund is a segregated account established by a company or government entity to accumulat...

A redemption fund is a dedicated pool of assets set aside by an issuer, such as a corporation or gov...

In finance, a refund represents the return of money to a payer, often due to overpayment, error, or...

A registered warrant, in finance, is a short-term debt instrument issued by a government entity (lik...

In finance, 'registers' typically refer to official records or databases maintained by regulatory bo...

Reimbursement in finance refers to the act of compensating an individual or entity for expenses they...

Replacement cost in finance, particularly in insurance and asset valuation, refers to the amount nee...

In finance, a requisition is a formal request, usually internal, for goods or services needed by a d...

A reserve for encumbrances represents funds set aside within a budget to cover anticipated expenditu...

In finance, reserves generally refer to assets set aside by a company or financial institution to me...

In finance, resources refer to the assets, capital, and capabilities available to an individual, bus...

Restricted accounts in finance are accounts where access to the funds or assets within them is limit...

Restricted funds are assets within an organization, typically a non-profit or governmental entity, t...

Retained earnings represent the cumulative net income a company has earned over time, less any divid...

Retiree health benefits are employer-sponsored healthcare coverage provided to former employees afte...

Revenue, in finance, represents the total income generated by a company from its primary business ac...

Revenue bond interest refers to the payments made to investors who hold revenue bonds, which are mun...

A Revenue Bond Project Fund is a dedicated account established to hold and manage the proceeds from...

Revenue bonds are municipal bonds that are repaid from the revenue generated by a specific project o...

A revenue limit is a legal restriction placed on the amount of revenue a governmental entity, such a...

A revolving cash fund, also known as a petty cash fund, is a small amount of cash kept on hand to pa...