Sense

Sense, in its most basic philosophical usage, denotes the faculty by which we receive information about the external world. This encompasses the five traditional senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, allowing us to interact with and interpret our surroundings. These sensory experiences are often considered the foundation of empirical knowledge.

However, 'sense' extends beyond mere sensory input. It also signifies understanding, reason, and judgment. To "make sense" of something means to comprehend it, to grasp its meaning or significance. This intellectual sense-making is crucial for rational thought and problem-solving.

The relationship between sensory experience and intellectual understanding is a central theme in epistemology. Empiricists, like John Locke, argue that all knowledge originates from sensory experience. Rationalists, such as René Descartes, emphasize the role of reason and innate ideas in acquiring knowledge, though they acknowledge the importance of sensory input.

In philosophy of language, 'sense' (German: Sinn) is a technical term introduced by Gottlob Frege. Frege distinguished between the sense and reference of a linguistic expression. The sense is the mode of presentation of the object referred to, the way in which it is conceived or understood.

For example, the expressions "the morning star" and "the evening star" both refer to the planet Venus (the reference). However, they have different senses because they present Venus in different ways, one as the star visible in the morning and the other as the star visible in the evening. Understanding this distinction is critical for analyzing meaning and truth.

The concept of 'common sense' also plays a role in philosophical discussions. Common sense refers to the basic level of practical judgment and understanding shared by most people. It often involves relying on widely accepted beliefs and assumptions.

While common sense can be a useful guide in everyday life, philosophers often question its reliability. They argue that common sense beliefs can be flawed or based on prejudice, requiring critical examination and rational justification. Philosophical inquiry often challenges and refines common sense notions.

The problem of other minds highlights the difficulty in knowing whether other beings experience the world in the same way we do. We can only infer their sensory experiences and understanding based on their behavior and communication, leading to questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience.

Ultimately, 'sense' in philosophy is a multifaceted concept encompassing both sensory perception and intellectual understanding. It is fundamental to our ability to acquire knowledge, make judgments, and navigate the world around us, prompting ongoing philosophical inquiry into its nature and limitations.